Breast cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors in women. The incidence rate accounts for 7-10% of all kinds of malignant tumors in the whole body. It is second only to uterine cancer in women and has become the main cause of threat to women's health. Its incidence is often related to heredity, and between the ages of 40 and 60, the incidence rate of women before and after menopause is higher. It is one of the most common malignant tumors that usually occurs in the glandular epithelial tissue of the breast, seriously affecting the physical and mental health of women and even threatening their lives. Therefore, it is necessary to understand its molecular mechanism, and then develop drugs based on this.

Target Genes Delivered in vivo in Breast Cancer

Through years of continuous development and research of molecular biology techniques, AURKA、CDK1、PCNA、TOP2A、HMMR、RRM2、PRC1、MCM4、GINS2 and other mutant genes have been discovered in breast cancer

Figure 1. LSD1 and GATA3 co-regulate breast cancer-related target genes. (Hu X, et al.; 2019)

• PCNA

PCNA is a polymerase accessory protein and participates in DNA replication.   The expression of PCNA protein can reflect the degree of DNA replication, so it is often used as an active marker of cell proliferation. The study found that PCNA was positively correlated with histological grade, histological type, and postoperative recurrence of breast cancer, but negatively correlated with survival time. Therefore, it can be further studied as a potential target of breast cancer.

• TOP2A

TOP2A is a nuclear matrix component that plays a role in the nucleus and participates in DNA transcription, recombination, replication and repair. It is also the target of anthracyclines in breast cancer chemotherapy drugs. Its abnormal expression is associated with malignant tumors such as gastric cancer and breast cancer, and promote the proliferation and metastasis of tumor tissue.

• HMMR

HMMR gene is a proto-oncogene consisting of 18 exons. Playing a key role in tumor development, the gene also promotes metastasis in lung adenocarcinoma and prostate cancer. Therefore, its role in breast cancer is worthy of further investigation.

• RRM2

The expression level of RRM2 gene is directly related to the risk of death of patients. The OS of patients with high expression of RRM2 gene was 19 months, which was significantly lower than that of patients with low expression of RRM2 gene. Another study showed that the expression of RRM2 gene is closely related to the degree of differentiation and ER status of breast cancer patients.

• PRC1

The protein molecule PRC1 is necessary for the formation of the central region of the spindle. PRC1 protein plays an indispensable role in the process of cytoplasmic division and replication through the interaction with other protein molecules. The study found that after knocking out the PRC1 gene, the central spindle structure of the cell was destroyed, and the cytokinesis was blocked, but the nuclear division was not affected, resulting in the formation of binucleated or multinucleated cells. This phenomenon suggested that the PRC1 protein played an important role in the process of cytokinesis.

• MCM4

MCM4 is a minichromosomal maintenance protein necessary for the initiation of eukaryotic genomic DNA replication. It is a key component of the pre-replication complex and may be involved in the formation of replication forks and the assembly of other replication-related proteins.

• GINS2

GINS2 gene complex is considered to be an essential factor in the initiation and elongation stages of the DNA replication process, and is critical for the establishment of DNA replication forks and the stability of replication. Studies have shown that the GINS2 gene may be an independent prognostic marker associated with histological grade and resistance to endocrine therapy in breast cancer patients with lung metastases.

• SMC4

SMC4 has been proved to play an important role in the aggregation and separation of chromosomes during mitosis. Studies have found that the proliferation, migration and invasion of breast cancer cells are inhibited after interference with the expression of SMC4 mRNA by small molecules. This mechanism may be related to the PI3K/Akt pathway relevant.

In addition to the above genes, there are interesting breast cancer -related genes that need to be explored and studied. Therefore, there is a need for an in vivo transfection system that can precisely target breast cancer tissue and be taken up by tumor cells to function in vivo. The system can help researchers overcome various challenges encountered during in vivo transfection:

• Relevant molecular function studies can only be carried out in vitro, lacking important in vivo data
• Using in vitro transfection system for in vivo transfection, the transfection efficiency is very low;
• The in vivo transfection system used is not specific to breast cancer tissues and cells, and is toxic to the body;
• The in vivo transfection system used cannot penetrate the breast cancer tissue into the tumor tissue;
• The nucleic acid load of the in vivo transfection system is low, and it is difficult to achieve the expected effect;
• Etc…

Our Advantage:

• We can provide an in vivo transfection system for breast cancer tissues and cells to achieve efficient transfection
• Our system can target multiple targets at the same time, improving targeting accuracy
• The in vivo transfection system has low toxicity to the body and is safe to use
• In vivo transfection system vectors can protect nucleic acids from degradation during in vivo delivery
• Persistent knockout effect in experimental animals after a single injection
• The system load is high, and the transfection needs of different doses can be completed
• Professional design and service team to provide you with reliable service and technical support
• Timely feedback of technical reports

CD BioSciences specializes in developing transfection systems and customizing transfection reagents for gene transfection using our core technologies. With our high-quality products and services, your transfection results can be greatly improved. If you can't find a perfect in vivo transfection system, you can contact us. We can provide one-to-one personal customization service.

References

1. Kemp C, et al.; How should PCNA be assessed? Total of stained cells or only the most intensely stained ones? Sao Paulo Med J.1998, 116(2): 1667-1674.
2. Piccart-Gebhart MJ. The 41st David a. Karnofsky memorial award lecture: academic research worldwide-quo vadis. J Clin Oncol. 2014, 32(4): 347-354.
3. Thangavel C, et al.; RB loss promotes prostate cancer metastasis. Cancer Res. 2017, 77(4): 982-995.
4. Mustacchi G, et al.; Identification and validation of a new set of five genes for prediction of risk in early breast cance. Int J Mol Sci. 2013, 14(5): 9686-9702.
5. Zheng M, et al.; High GINS2 transcript level predicts poor prognosis and correlates with high histological grade and endocrine therapy resistance through mammary cancer stem cells in breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2014, 148(2): 423-436.
6. Freeman L, et al.; The condensing complex governs chromosome condensation and mitotic transmission of rDNA. J Cell Biol. 2000, 149(4): 811-824.
7. Hu X, et al.; LSD1 suppresses invasion, migration and metastasis of luminal breast cancer cells via activation of GATA3 and repression of TRIM37 expression. Oncogene. 2019, 38(44):7017-7034.

* For research use only. Not for use in clinical diagnosis or treatment of humans or animals.